4.1 Effects of Heat and Cold

Heat-Related Conditions

Exposure to heat can lead to:

• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke (medical emergency)

Signs and Symptoms

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Excessive sweating or hot dry skin
• Confusion

First Aid Actions

• Move the casualty to a cool area
• Loosen tight clothing
• Give water if conscious
• Cool the body gradually

🚨 Call emergency services if symptoms worsen or consciousness is affected.

---

Cold-Related Conditions

Cold exposure can cause hypothermia.

Signs and Symptoms

• Shivering
• Pale, cold skin
• Slurred speech
• Confusion

First Aid Actions

• Move the casualty to a warm area
• Remove wet clothing
• Wrap in blankets
• Warm gradually

Do not apply direct heat to extremities.